The Militarisation of Outer Space:

A Critical Examination of Preventing an Arms Race and Ensuring Peaceful Exploration From an International and Islamic Law Perspective

Nehaluddin Ahmad

Zheimie H. Zamri

Nur Syahmina Azreem

 

Abstract: Islam encourages the pursuit of knowledge and exploration, including outer space, as a means of appreciating Allah’s creation and advancing human progress. However, as space technology rapidly evolves, the increasing militarisation of outer space, through intelligence systems, satellite warfare, and anti-satellite weaponry, poses a growing threat to global security. This article critically examines the international legal framework for preventing an arms race in space, with a focus on key treaties, including the Outer Space Treaty. It explores significant challenges, including geopolitical rivalries and enforcement gaps, while proposing solutions to strengthen space security. From an Islamic perspective, principles such as salam (peace), 'adl wa al-ihsan (justice and benevolence), and amanah (trust) reinforce global efforts for peaceful space governance. By integrating legal and ethical considerations, this article advocates for stronger international collaboration and the incorporation of Islamic values to prevent conflicts and ensure space remains a shared domain for humanity’s peaceful and sustainable advancement.