Divine Equity in Islamic Inheritance Law:

An Analytical Exegesis of Qur’an 4:11 and Its Jurisprudential Applications

Mohannad Fuad Mohammad Estaity

 

Abstract: This article critically examines the Qur’anic verse in Surat al-Nisāʾ (4:11), which outlines the principles of inheritance distribution. Focusing on the shares allocated to lineal descendants, grandchildren through sons, and parents, the study argues that Qur’anic inheritance rules reflect a deliberate balance between justice and equality. It contends that these rules uphold the dignity and rights of both genders while proportionately adjusting share allocations based on familial responsibilities. Employing inductive, descriptive, and analytical methods, the article traces classical interpretations from the Companions and early exegetes, identifying areas of consensus and divergence. These views are then assessed in light of the Qur’an and Sunnah to draw jurisprudential conclusions. The findings affirm that Islamic inheritance law promotes gender equality in principle, while tailoring distribution to the social and economic roles within the family. The article concludes by advocating broader recognition of these principles in contemporary legal discourse, emphasising the protection of women’s and children’s rights within a framework that respects religious particularities.