Performance–Aspiration Gaps as Drivers of Gender Inequality:

Insights from Pakistan’s Legal Framework

Zarfishan Qaiser

Rohaida Nordin

Nur Hafilah binti Musa

 

Abstract: Gender inequality in Pakistan persists despite constitutional guarantees, domestic legislation, and international commitments. This article investigates whether Pakistan’s legal and policy framework effectively addresses gender inequality and identifies the implementation gaps obstructing substantive equality. Employing a doctrinal and policy analysis approach, it examines the concept of the performance aspiration gap and evaluates structural, social, and institutional barriers that hinder enforcement. The article finds that patriarchal norms, weak enforcement, limited institutional capacity, and inadequate accountability undermine the effectiveness of existing laws. It argues that closing the performance–aspiration gap requires stronger implementation mechanisms, gender sensitive policy design, effective monitoring and control and coordinated institutional commitment. The article offers policy-relevant recommendations to strengthen legal and institutional mechanisms, bridge the performance–aspiration gap, and advance gender equality. These findings also highlight pathways for future research on the interaction between law, social norms, and sustainable development outcomes.